No Taxation Without Representation
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| “No Taxation Without Representation,” in the context of British American Colonial taxation, appears in the February 1768 London Magazine’s headline, on page 89, in the printing of Lord Camden’s "Speech on the Declaratory Bill of the Sovereignty of Great Britain over the Colonies." image copyright and courtesy of the Historic.us Collection |
The phrase, “No Taxation Without Representation,” in the context of British American Colonial taxation, first appeared in a major publication as the February 1768 London Magazine’s headline, on page 89, in its printing of Lord Camden’s "Speech on the Declaratory Bill of the Sovereignty of Great Britain over the Colonies."
The phrase, most likely, had its origins in 1750's Ireland but its American roots are often credited to Boston politician James Otis whose 1764 speeches included the phrase, "taxation without representation is tyranny.”
Six months after the London Magazine printed its 1768 No Taxation Without Representation headline, Bostonians issued a September 14th circular letter to all the Massachusetts Counties calling for a meeting at Faneuil Hall on September 23 to September 28, 1768. The circular letter, signed by Boston Selectmen John Hancock, Joseph Jackson, John Ruddock, John Rowe, and Samuel Pemberton listed a host of grievances against the Crown. Although this historic letter did not use the the No Taxation Without Representation slogan, it did state that “Taxes equally detrimental to the Commercial interests of the Parent Country and her Colonies, are imposed upon the People, without their Consent.”
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September 14th, 1768 circular letter by Boston Selectmen John Hancock, Joseph Jackson, John Ruddock, John Rowe, and Samuel Pembertonto issued by to all the Massachusetts Counties calling for a meeting at Faneuil Hall on September 23 to September 28, 1768. The circular letter states, in part:
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96 towns answered Hancock’s call and on the final day of the meeting, warships arrived in Boston with the first British reinforcements. On October 1st, two regiments arrived from Halifax, effectively beginning British occupation of its own colony. British troops stayed in Boston until Commander-in-Chief George Washington forced them to evacuate in March 1776.
The term No Taxation Without Representation, appeared again in the 1770 Political Register's Demophoon, "A Dissertation on the original Dispute between Great-Britain and her Colonies", stating:
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| No Taxation Without Representation, as it appeared in the 1770 Political Register's Demophoon, "A Dissertation on the original Dispute between Great-Britain and her Colonies" - image courtesy of the Historic.us Collection |
In England there can be no taxation without representation, and no representation without election; but it is undeniable that the representatives of Great-Britain are not elected by nor for the Americans, and. therefore cannot represent them; and so, if the parliament of Great-Britain has a right to tax America, that right cannot possibly be grounded on the consideration that the people of Great Britain have chosen them their representatives, without which choice they would be no parliament at all.
There are no known records in the Continental Congress Delegates letters or in the Journals of Congress utilizing the the phrase No Taxation Without Representation. However, Declaration of Independence signer Benjamin Rush, in his August 1776 notes on the proposed Articles of Confederation, clearly indicates that the slogan, No Taxation Without Representation, was at the heart of the United Colonies of America's separation from Great Britain writing:
By one article, 7 Colonies are to assess proport[ion] of taxes [for] each colony. Is there no danger from this to the large colonies? Is [it] not Subjecting them to the very evil We fled from G.B. to avoid - taxation without representation?
No Taxation Without Representation would, from time to time, appear in 18th Century British and American publications during the 1776-1783 struggle for American Independence. The phrase, however, did not achieve its catch-all tax slogan fame until the 19th Century, when an explosion of books, pamphlets, newspapers, and magazines began reporting on the 25th, 50th, 75th, and 100th United States birthday celebrations.
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29
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65
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23
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60
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52
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46
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n/a
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n/a
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42
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43
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45
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48
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January 12, 1880 (Aged 43)
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n/a
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21
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56
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28
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49
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40
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47
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52
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43
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60
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44
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54
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48
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60
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56
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31
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50
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56
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56
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49
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59
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63
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