Monday, September 24, 2012

No Taxation Without Representation

No Taxation Without Representation

 “No Taxation Without Representation,” in the context of British American Colonial taxation, appears in  the February 1768 London Magazine’s headline, on page 89, in the printing of Lord  Camden’s "Speech on the Declaratory Bill of the Sovereignty of Great Britain over the Colonies.image copyright and courtesy of the Historic.us Collection
The phrase, “No Taxation Without Representation,” in the context of British American Colonial taxation, first appeared in a major publication as the February 1768 London Magazine’s headline, on page 89, in its printing of Lord  Camden’s "Speech on the Declaratory Bill of the Sovereignty of Great Britain over the Colonies." 




The phrase, most likely, had its origins in 1750's Ireland but its American roots are often credited to Boston politician James Otis whose 1764 speeches included the phrase, "taxation without representation is tyranny.”   

Six months after the London Magazine printed its 1768 No Taxation Without Representation headline,  Bostonians issued a September 14th circular letter to all the Massachusetts Counties calling for a meeting at Faneuil Hall on September 23 to September 28, 1768. The circular letter, signed by Boston Selectmen John Hancock, Joseph Jackson, John Ruddock, John Rowe, and Samuel Pemberton listed  a host of grievances against the Crown.  Although this historic letter did not use the the No Taxation Without Representation slogan, it did state that  “Taxes equally detrimental to the Commercial interests of the Parent Country and her Colonies, are imposed upon the People, without their Consent.” 



September 14th, 1768 circular letter by Boston Selectmen John Hancock, Joseph Jackson, John Ruddock, John Rowe, and Samuel Pembertonto issued by to all the Massachusetts Counties calling for a meeting at Faneuil Hall on September 23 to September 28, 1768. The circular letter states, in part: 
“YOU are already too well acquainted with the _hreatenin [sic] and very alarming Circumstances to which this Province, as well as America in general, is now reduced. Taxes equally detrimental to the Commercial interests of the Parent Country and her Colonies, are imposed upon the People, without their Consent; - Taxes designed for the Support of the Civil Government in the Colonies, in a Manner clearly unconstitutional, and contrary to that, in which ‘till of late, Government has been supported, by the free Gift of the People in the American Assemblies or Parliaments; as also for the Maintenance of a large Standing Army; not for the Defence [sic] of the newly acquired Territories, but for the old Colonies, and in a Time of Peace. The decent, humble and truly loyal Applications and Petitions from the Representatives of this Province for the Redress of these heavy and very _hreatening [sic] Grievances, have hitherto been ineffectual…The only Effect…has been a Mandate…to Dissolve the General Assembly, merely because the late House of Representatives refused to Rescind a Resolution of a former House, which imply’d nothing more than a Right in the American Subjects to unite in humble and dutiful Petitions to their gracious Sovereign, when they found themselves aggrieved… 
“The Concern and Perplexity into which these Things have thrown the People, have been greatly aggravated, by a late Declaration of his Excellency Governor BERNARD, that one or more Regiments may soon be expected in this Province… 
“Deprived of the Councils of a General Assembly in this dark and difficult Season, the loyal People of this Province, will, we are persuaded, immediately perceive the Propriety and Utility of the proposed Committee of Convention…
96 towns answered Hancock’s call and on the final day of the meeting, warships arrived in Boston with the first British reinforcements. On October 1st, two regiments arrived from Halifax, effectively beginning British occupation of its own colony. British troops stayed in Boston until Commander-in-Chief George Washington forced them to evacuate in March 1776.



The term No Taxation Without Representation, appeared again in the 1770 Political Register's Demophoon, "A Dissertation on the original Dispute between Great-Britain and her Colonies", stating:

No Taxation Without Representation, as it appeared in the 1770 Political Register's Demophoon, "A Dissertation on the original Dispute between Great-Britain and her Colonies" - image courtesy of the Historic.us Collection
In England there can be no taxation without representation, and no representation without election; but it is undeniable that the representatives of Great-Britain are not elected by nor for the Americans, and. therefore cannot represent them; and so, if the parliament of Great-Britain has a right to tax America, that right cannot possibly be grounded on the consideration that the people of Great Britain have chosen them their representatives, without which choice they would be no parliament at all. 
There are no known records in the Continental Congress Delegates letters or in the Journals of Congress utilizing the the phrase No Taxation Without Representation. However,  Declaration of Independence signer Benjamin Rush, in his August 1776 notes on the proposed Articles of Confederation, clearly indicates that the slogan, No Taxation Without Representation, was at the heart of the United Colonies of America's separation from Great Britain writing: 
By one article, 7 Colonies are to assess proport[ion] of taxes [for] each colony. Is there no danger from this to the large colonies? Is [it] not Subjecting them to the very evil We fled from G.B. to avoid - taxation without representation? 

No Taxation Without Representation would, from time to time, appear in 18th Century British and American publications during the 1776-1783 struggle for American Independence. The phrase, however, did not achieve its catch-all tax slogan fame until the 19th Century, when an explosion of books, pamphlets, newspapers, and magazines began reporting on the 25th, 50th, 75th, and 100th United States birthday celebrations.   



The Congressional Evolution of the United States of America 

Continental Congress of the United Colonies Presidents 
Sept. 5, 1774 to July 1, 1776


September 5, 1774
October 22, 1774
October 22, 1774
October 26, 1774
May 20, 1775
May 24, 1775
May 25, 1775
July 1, 1776

Commander-in-Chief United Colonies & States of America

George Washington: June 15, 1775 - December 23, 1783



Continental Congress of the United States Presidents 
July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781

July 2, 1776
October 29, 1777
November 1, 1777
December 9, 1778
December 10, 1778
September 28, 1779
September 29, 1779
February 28, 1781



Presidents of the United States in Congress Assembled
March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789

March 1, 1781
July 6, 1781
July 10, 1781
Declined Office
July 10, 1781
November 4, 1781
November 5, 1781
November 3, 1782
November 4, 1782
November 2, 1783
November 3, 1783
June 3, 1784
November 30, 1784
November 22, 1785
November 23, 1785
June 5, 1786
June 6, 1786
February 1, 1787
February 2, 1787
January 21, 1788
January 22, 1788
January 21, 1789


Presidents of the United States of America

D-Democratic Party, F-Federalist Party, I-Independent, R-Republican Party,
R* Republican Party of Jefferson & W-Whig Party 

George Washington (I)

Jefferson Davis (D) - CSA*

Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)

(1789-1797)

1861-1865

(1933-1945)

John Adams (F)

Andrew Johnson (R)

Harry S. Truman (D)

(1797-1801)

(1865-1869)

(1945-1953)

Thomas Jefferson (R*)

Ulysses S. Grant (R)

Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)

(1801-1809)

(1869-1877)

(1953-1961)

James Madison (R*)

Rutherford B. Hayes R

John F. Kennedy (D)

(1809-1817)

 (1877-1881)

(1961-1963)

James Monroe (R*)

James A. Garfield (R)

Lyndon B. Johnson (D)

(1817-1825)

 (1881 - 1881)

(1963-1969)

John Quincy Adams (R*)

Chester Arthur (R)

Richard M. Nixon (R)

(1825-1829)

(1881-1885)

(1969-1974)

Andrew Jackson (D)

Grover Cleveland (D)

Gerald R. Ford (R)

(1829-1837)

(1885-1889)

(1973-1974)

Martin Van Buren (D)

Benjamin Harrison (R)

James E. Carter, Jr. (D)

(1837-1841)

(1889-1893)

(1977-1981)

William H. Harrison (W)

Grover Cleveland (D)

Ronald W. Reagan (R)

(1841-1841)

(1893-1897)

(1981-1989)

John Tyler (W)

William McKinley (R)

George H. W. Bush (R)

(1841-1845)

(1897-1901)

(1989-1993)

James K. Polk (D)

Theodore Roosevelt (R)

William J. Clinton (D)

(1845-1849)

(1901-1909)

(1993-2001)

Zachary Taylor (W)

William H. Taft (R)

George W. Bush (R)

(1849-1850)

(1909-1913)

(2001-2009)

Millard Fillmore (W)

Wilson Woodrow (D)

Barack H. Obama (D)

(1850-1853)

(1913-1921)

(2009-2017)

Franklin Pierce (D)

Warren G. Harding ®

Donald J. Trump (R)

(1853-1857)

(1921-1923)

(2017-2021)

James Buchanan (D)

Calvin Coolidge (R)

Joseph Biden (D)

(1857-1861)

(1923-1929)

2021-Present

Abraham Lincoln (R)

Herbert C. Hoover (R)

*Confederate States of America

(1861-1865)

(1929-1933)




Chart Comparing Presidential Powers Click Here

United Colonies and States First Ladies
1774-1788


United Colonies Continental Congress
President
18th Century Term
Age
09/05/74 – 10/22/74
29
Mary Williams Middleton (1741- 1761) Deceased
Henry Middleton
10/22–26/74
n/a
05/20/ 75 - 05/24/75
30
05/25/75 – 07/01/76
28
United States Continental Congress
President
Term
Age
07/02/76 – 10/29/77
29
Eleanor Ball Laurens (1731- 1770) Deceased
Henry Laurens
11/01/77 – 12/09/78
n/a
12/ 10/78 – 09/28/78
21
Martha Huntington (1738/39–1794)
09/29/79 – 02/28/81
41
United States in Congress Assembled
President
Term
Age
Martha Huntington (1738/39–1794)
03/01/81 – 07/06/81
42
07/10/81 – 11/04/81
25
Jane Contee Hanson (1726-1812)
11/05/81 - 11/03/82
55
11/03/82 - 11/02/83
46
11/03/83 - 11/02/84
36
11/20/84 - 11/19/85
46
11/23/85 – 06/06/86
38
Rebecca Call Gorham (1744-1812)
06/06/86 - 02/01/87
42
02/02/87 - 01/21/88
43
01/22/88 - 01/29/89
36

Constitution of 1787
First Ladies
President
Term
Age
April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797
57
March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801
52
Martha Wayles Jefferson Deceased
September 6, 1782  (Aged 33)
n/a
March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
40
March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825
48
March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829
50
December 22, 1828 (aged 61)
n/a
February 5, 1819 (aged 35)
n/a
March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841
65
April 4, 1841 – September 10, 1842
50
June 26, 1844 – March 4, 1845
23
March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849
41
March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850
60
July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853
52
March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857
46
n/a
n/a
March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
42
February 22, 1862 – May 10, 1865
April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869
54
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877
43
March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
45
March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881
48
January 12, 1880 (Aged 43)
n/a
June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889
21
March 4, 1889 – October 25, 1892
56
June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889
28
March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901
49
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909
40
March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913
47
March 4, 1913 – August 6, 1914
52
December 18, 1915 – March 4, 1921
43
March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923
60
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929
44
March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
54
March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945
48
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953
60
January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
56
January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963
31
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969
50
January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974
56
August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977
56
January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
49
January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
59
January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
63
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
45
January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
54



Donald J. Trump

Joseph R. Biden Jr.
January 20, 2009 - January 20, 2017

January 20, 2017 - January 20, 2021

 January 20, 2021 - Present

45
     46
      
     47


Capitals of the United Colonies and States of America

Philadelphia
Sept. 5, 1774 to Oct. 24, 1774
Philadelphia
May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776
Baltimore
Dec. 20, 1776 to Feb. 27, 1777
Philadelphia
March 4, 1777 to Sept. 18, 1777
Lancaster
September 27, 1777
York
Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778
Philadelphia
July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783
Princeton
June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783
Annapolis
Nov. 26, 1783 to Aug. 19, 1784
Trenton
Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784
New York City
Jan. 11, 1785 to Nov. 13, 1788
New York City
October 6, 1788 to March 3,1789
New York City
March 3,1789 to August 12, 1790
Philadelphia
Dec. 6,1790 to May 14, 1800       
Washington DC
November 17,1800 to Present



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